All posts by Mike

Two Adults and Child in Wayne Township, OH, Killed in SUV vs. SUV Crash

unsplash-felise-flowersWho:

James Nign, 39, his wife, Meghann Nign, 27, and an unrelated child, Addisyn Benzel, 11, were killed on 1/19/14 at 10:54 AM on State Route 518 by mile marker 4 in Waysne township, Columbiana County, OH. They were driving westbound in a 2006 Chevrolet Equinox when struck by a 2011 Jeep Grand Cherokee Rachel K. Lindesmith, 31, drove. Lindesmith had been traveling eastbound and drifted left of the center line into the path of the Equinox. Lindesmith and Austin, her 9 month old son, were injured. Nine were in the Equinox beside the three fatalities, including McKenna M. Nign, 11, McKayla E. Howard, 11, Savannah D. Nign, 6, Chase D. Nign, 4, Brody B. Nign, 1, and Payslee R. Nign, 9 months. Both parents were volunteer firefighters at the Calcutta Volunteer F.D. All of the children who did not die were injured.

How:

Per police reports, the Nigns were westbound, Lindesmith was eastbound, and drifted across the center line, causing a head-on collision. Lindesmith was belted while her son was secured in a rear-facing child seat. Both were injured, but the injuries were not life-threatening.

Within the Equinox, neither parent was belted. Both were killed. Addysin, 11, was unbelted and in the cargo area, from where she was ejected and killed. There were no seat belts available in the cargo area. McKenna, 11, was unrestrained in the cargo area. McKayla, 11, was unrestrained in the cargo area. Savannah, 6, was unrestrained and seated in her mother’s lap in the front seat. Chase, 4, was in a child safety seat, as was Brody, 1, and Payslee, 9 months.

Why:

This is one of the most frustrating cases I’ve read. I tend to feel that way whenever I read stories involving unbelted children…or adults. Or overloaded vehicles. There were 9 occupants in a vehicle designed for 5. This was incomprehensible. It’s not clear why Lindesmith crossed the center line; she was clearly at fault for the collision. However, the deaths that occurred were preventable–let’s see why.

Looking at the physics of the crash, every single person in both vehicles should have lived, had every occupant been properly restrained. The 2006 Equinox weighs ~3790 lbs and has a “good” frontal score. It was impacted by a 2011 Grand Cherokee, which weighs ~4687 lbs, or 124% of the Equinox’s weight. Ā As a result, the Equinox occupants automatically faced 24% more force in the collision than they would have experienced colliding with another Equinox, placing them at a significant disadvantage in the collision. The Grand Cherokee occupants, meanwhile, experienced 19% lower forces.

Given the likely speeds of the collision (~65 mph), the Grand Cherokee likely imparted at least 898KJ of energy into the Equinox. The Equinox frontal impact test simulates 275KJ of energy (an Equinox impacting another at 40 mph). In other words, the Equinox occupants faced 327% of the force they’d have experienced in the type of crash it was rated for. These were tremendous forces, but based on the intact A-frame and passenger survival space evident in the photos, had the parents and child been properly restrained, they would have survived them. The fact that several of the children in the vehicle didĀ survive is additional evidence that the collision was survivable.

Interestingly, the Jeep’s frontal test simulated 340KJ of energy (a Jeep impacting another at 40 mph), indicating that its occupants would have faced 214% of the forces it was rated to safely withstand, given that the Equinox imparted 726KJ of energy into the Jeep. While these were still tremendous forces, their odds of survival were still highly significant.

This was ultimately a wholly preventable tragedy. The collision would not have occurred had the Jeep stayed in its lane, but the deaths would not have occurred had the victims been properly restrained.

The three unrestrained 11 year olds should have been in booster seats (e.g., the Clek Oobr), while the unrestrained 6 year old should have been in a combination seat (e.g., the Frontier 90). The adults, of course, should have been wearing their seat belts.

Lindesmith was indicted in May and charged with vehicular homicide and vehicular assault. She pled not guilty.

ā€”

If you find the information on car safety, recommended car seats, and car seat reviews on this car seat blog helpful, you can shop through this Amazon link for any purchases, car seat-related or not. Canadians can shop through this link for Canadian purchases.

Graco 4Ever All-In-One Review: Rear-Facing to Boostering Value

The Graco 4Ever All-In-One Convertible Six-Position Car Seat is a seat that many of us in the car safety community have been waiting for for a long time; an attempt to create a seat that parents could use for a long, long time without compromising the safety of their children, with enough versatility to enable extended rear-facing and rapid, secure, installations. When I finally had the chance to pick one up and review it, I couldn’t pass up the opportunity.

2018 update:Ā It’s been a few years since the 4Ever came out, but it remains one of the best all-in-one seats on the market. Nothing has changed in weight or height limits, but many more fabric options are available and the price has dropped significantly.Ā I still recommend it heartily for parents looking for a “one and done” approach to car seats.

Graco 4Ever All-In-OneĀ – What’s the big deal?

The Graco 4Ever All-In-One is Graco’s second attempt at a “forever” car seat, and in terms of functionality, this is one of the most impressive seats on the market from one of the most established names in the field. It’s a convertible “4 in 1” car seat, which means it can be used in several configurations, including as a rear-facing infant seat, a forward-facing seat, and as a high back and backless booster. The Graco 4Ever All-In-One is designed, per Graco, to be the only child car seat parents ever need. That’s an awfully big promise to make to parents.Ā Is it worth it? Read on to find out!

Buy the Graco 4Ever on Sale with Free Shipping at Amazon here.

Graco 4Ever Limits for Weight and Height

Rear-facing: 5-40 pounds. Your child’s head should not reach past 1″ below the top of the headrest. There is no given height limit for the child besides the 1″ rule. The shell extends to 27″, which is very impressive.

Forward-facing: 20-65 pounds, and between 27″ and 52″ in height. The tips of your child’s ears need to be below the top end of the head rest. Your child should be at least 1, and it’s recommended that s/he is at least 2. Of course,Ā researchĀ into car safety indicates children should remain rear-facing for as long as possible (the average is 4 years in Sweden, which posts the lowest child fatality rate on Earth), and after rear-facing, the child should remain forward-facing as long as possible.

High back booster: 30-100 pounds, and between 38″ and 52″ in height. I always suggest children are at least 8 years oldĀ before switching from forward-facing into a booster.

Backless booster: 40-120 pounds, and between 40″ and 57″ in height. Most children will typically not be ready to move out of a booster until they are at least 4’9″, or 57″ tall, although the typical range is between 4’9″ and 5.’

Dimensions of theĀ Graco 4Ever All-In-One

The seat is 20″ wide at its widest point and 24″ high. It is around 21.5″ long. It weighs 23 pounds and has a 10-year product life. The lowest harness position with the included infant insert is 6″, while the highest is 18″ and the highest booster position is 19.”

Using theĀ Graco 4Ever All-In-One

Many companies, including Graco, have tried making “forever” car seats for a while. Generally, all-in-one car seats tend to have strengths and weaknesses. For example, the Dionos are great RF and FF but aren’t very useful as boosters if you maximize their FF potentials. Similarly, the Foonf is great RF but can’t be used from birth, and also has a much narrower FF range than the Dionos. This is a good example of the ‘jack of all trades; master of none’ expression. However, when I had the chance to try out a 4Ever All-In-One, I couldn’t pass it up.

The seat arrives almost ready to use from the moment you unbox it, which was a welcome surprise. The cupholders are the only significant part that aren’t attached, and this was probably done to save a bit of space in the necessary box size. The manual includes instructions for attaching them, of course.

I’ve looked at the Smart Seat, Graco’s prior “all-in-one” seat, and it’s clear that Graco learned from the mistakes they made with it. This seat strikes me as a cross between a Snugride, a Size4Me, and a Nautilus, and a pleasant cross at that.

There are six recline positions available; the first three are used while rear-facing, while the second three are used while forward-facing. The fourth recline position is necessary when a forward-facing child weighs 20-40 pounds while the sixth is solely to be used as a booster. A recline indicator is available. There is also a no-thread harness present, which is always a blessing when making adjustments.

When used as a rear-facing seat, the Graco 4Ever All-In-One is rather compact; I was able to fit it in smaller sedans (e.g., Honda Civics) without too much trouble. It features an extending head restraint so the seat stays small by moving upwards instead of out and back. I like that.

The manual for the Graco 4Ever All-In-One is detailed and there is even a storage slot in the back of the seat for it. I like how the manual refers to the AAP recommendation of RF for kids under 2, although we know it should be far beyond that. The shell of this seat is tall enough to permit virtually all children to reach 40 pounds while rear-facing, which is good.

Something I’ve become more impressed about over the years are car seats that do well with smaller infants, as the best car seat is useless if your children can’t sit safely in it. The Size4Me is rated down to 4 pounds. I can verify that it works well with 4 pound newborns or preemies, although you need to remember that whether it fits a specific newborn or premature infant will depend on the child. Keep in mind that a number of convertible car seats don’t work well with newborns, so this is something to be lauded in the Size4Me.

4Ever-All-In-One LATCH and Seat Belt Installation = Easy

Installation of the Graco 4Ever All-In-One is rather basic; you can use lower LATCH anchors, which, of course, you tighten until you have 1″ or less of side to side movement, or you can use a seat belt installation, which I prefer. To do that, you simply store the LATCH connectors on their storage bars and run the seat belt through the belt path for rear-facing.

When rear-facing or forward-facing, keep in mind that you can only use LATCH anchors if the child weighs less than 42 pounds. This again makes it a good idea to just start with the seat belt instead of worrying about needing to switch later on. When forward-facing, Graco recommends you always use the tether, which is best practices for all seats when forward-facing.

Something I’d like Graco to change about the 4Ever All-In-One is their low minimum weight for the high back booster configuration of 30 pounds. There’s no reason for a 3-year old (e.g., a 30 lb child) to ever be in a high back booster; best practices suggests children shouldn’t enter these until they’re at least 8 years old. Hopefully Graco raises this minimum, especially given that the seat can easily fit older children (up to 65 pounds, in fact) while harnessed forward-facing.

High-Back Booster Mode = Useful

At any rate, once your child is too big for the harness (at 65 pounds and 52″ in height with an 18″ shoulder height), s/he should be able to fit for another year or more in high back booster mode, since the shoulder belt adjuster is another inch higher at 19.” By the way, I like that the harness can be stored within the seat while it is in booster mode; this makes it a lot harder to lose. There is a small storage compartment behind the seat pad that takes care of this. Little touches like that are part of what makes this seat so good.

Something else included by Graco is the capacity to use the lower anchors as well as a tether when theĀ 4Ever All-In-OneĀ is used as a booster. However, remember that if you don’t set it up this way, that the buckle needs to be buckled every time it’s in your vehicle, regardless of whether a child is inside it or not. That keeps it from turning into a deadly projectile in a collision.

Finally, theĀ 4Ever All-In-One can be used in a backless booster mode if your child outgrows it in high back booster mode. Keep in mind that your vehicle needs to offer head support if you wish to use it this way, and that it should only be considered as an option if your child is capable of sitting correctly 100% of the time, including while asleep. Of course, if your child isn’t ready for that, s/he’s not ready for a booster to begin with; try the 5-step guide to be sure.

Buy the Graco 4Ever on Sale with Free Shipping at Amazon here.

Why Buy theĀ Graco 4Ever All-In-One?

This is the meat and potatoes of this car seat. The Ā Graco 4Ever All-In-One is one of several seats in the United States that allow you to rear-face a child for up to 40 pounds. This isn’tĀ as good as it getsĀ anymore, but it’s still decent. Every pound is precious, as the longer you rear-face, the safer your child is. In the US, parents tend to turn their children aroundĀ into the line of fireĀ at 1. In Sweden, this typically isn’t done until 4. Children in Sweden are far less likely to die in car crashes than children in the US. It makes that much of a difference. This alone is reason enough to buy the Graco 4Ever All-In-One.

Let’s be honest: theĀ Graco 4Ever All-In-OneĀ is not going to win any awards for uber-long RF weight among its fellow convertibles. However, it’s designed to fill a niche, and in that respect, it does so well. It’s a great seat for parents who want a seat that can realistically take their children from birth to booster age and in some cases to the point where they no longer need a car seat at all. This, for me, is the biggest reason to buy the Graco 4Ever All-In-One.

However, there are other reasons to consider. It’s also a good seat for parents of tall, skinny kids, and it also works well if you don’t have a child who’s high in the weight percentiles, yet still want him or her to rear-face until kindergarten. It’s also reasonably skinny, so you will be able to fit three across, whether with this or with other car seats, in most vehicles that are mid-sized or larger. I also love the fact that it has a 10-year product life in all settings, which beats even the Dionos with their 8-year harnessed lives.

What are the biggest disadvantages of the 4Ever All-In-One?

The biggest strike against theĀ Graco 4Ever All-In-OneĀ is the fact that thereĀ areĀ seats that allow you to RF longer by weight. However, this seat isn’t meant to lead the class there; what it’s meant to do is to simplify the process of safely transporting a child in a vehicle for years to come. This is the best thought out “forever” seat I have come across, and for parents who are looking for a seat to stay with their child for a decade, there is nothing better out there right now. In that sense, it’s the best seat I’ve reviewed.

I’m looking forward to more manufacturers following their market, as it’s quite possible that this might be the only car seat a child ever needs, especially if you have a taller child who reaches the 4’9″ to 5 foot range where children typically no longer need boosters by age 10.

I recommend theĀ Graco 4Ever All-In-OneĀ wholeheartedly. You canĀ buy the GracoĀ 4Ever All-In-One here in a range of colors.

If you find my information on best practices in car and car seat safety helpful, you can do your shopping through this Amazon link. Canadians can shop here for Canadian purchases. Have a question or want to discuss best practices? Join us in the forums!

Britax Parkway SGL G1.1 Review: Narrow, 5-Step Friendly, Affordable Boostering!

2018 Update:Ā The G1.1 update to the Parkway SGL hasn’t changed anything significant besides print options; the SGL continues to be one of the best budget high-back booster options currently on the market.

Britax Parkway SGL G1.1 – What’s the big deal?

The Britax Parkway SGL continues a tradition of versatile, high weight and height car seats by Britax that makes this one of the more impressive booster seats on the market. It’s a dual mode booster car seat, which means it can be used in two configurations: as a high back booster and as a backless booster. For parents of booster-age children, the Britax Parkway SGLĀ is among the best boosters on the market.

Britax Parkway SGL G1.1 Limits for Weight and Height

High back booster: 40-120 pounds, and between 38 and 63″ in height. Ā The seated shoulder height of the child in terms of the belt guide can range between 15 Ā and 21.5.” Your child should be at least 4 years old. Of course,Ā researchĀ into car safety indicates children should remain rear-facing for as long as possible (the average is 4 years in Sweden, which posts the lowest child fatality rate on Earth), and after rear-facing, the child should remain forward-facing as long as possibleĀ before switching into a booster.

Backless booster: 40-120 pounds, and the height limits will vary with the head restraint included with the vehicle. Your child should be at least 4 years old. Ā Remember that children should remain in booster seats until their seat belts fit them over the shoulder, across the chest, and flat on the upper thighs.

Buy the Britax Parkway SGL on sale with free shipping at Amazon here.

Dimensions of theĀ Britax Parkway SGL G1.1

The seat is 18″ wide and 15″ deep, and ranges from a height of 28″ to 35.” The seat weighs 12.5 pounds in high back mode, making it the lightest booster seat I’ve reviewed so far. The seat is 12.5″ wide internally at the shoulders while the seat area is 11″ wide and 11″ deep.

Why Buy theĀ Britax Parkway SGL G1.1?

I’ve had the privilege of reviewing some pretty awesome car seats over the last few years, both as a parent and as a grizzly guy writing a car safety blog. I advocate rear-facing to the limits, forward-facing to the limits, and only then switching to boosters. I prefer convertible seats to infant seats and combination seats to boosters, simply for efficiency. Dedicated boosters, in the end, are designed to do the same thing as combination seats in booster mode: to properly position seat belts on children who are old enough to sit in them. So if there are combination seats that do as good of a job as dedicated boosters, why would I review and even suggest a dedicated booster?

First of all, it includes an ISOFLEX system. This is a fancy name for a LATCH attachment that keeps the Parkway SGL stable while children are getting into and out of it. Similarly, when no one is sitting in it, it keeps it from becoming a potentially lethal flying object. If you buy a booster without such a system, you need to remember to buckle it whenever driving. The ISOFLEX system takes the thinking out of that, as it’s an easy stem to use where you simply pull on a strap to tighten the attachments.

Buy the Britax Parkway SGL on sale with free shipping at Amazon here.

Is that alone enough of a reason to buy the Parkway SGL? Well, for me it wouldn’t be. However, there are several other reasons that add up to convince me. For example, you’re looking at a seat that includes a veryĀ good range to fit a wide range of kids until they were capable of sitting safely without boosters. Similarly, the side wings are large, high, and deep, which keep the head and torso well protected and supported. I also like that it can be used as both a high back and as a backless booster, although I don’t think children should ever be in backless boosters if high back boosters are available. I’m also a fan of the Secure Guard clip that is designed to keep children from sliding beneath the lap portion of the lap belt, or submarining, during a collision. This reduces the risk of serious injuries to the abdomen. To me, this alone is reason enough to invest in theĀ Britax Parkway SGL.

Finally, I also like that the high back mode is usable in seats where head restraints are not present or in situations where the head restraint needs to be unscrewed so the booster will sit flat, the way it needs to, against the vehicle seat.

The Britax Parkway SGL is a solid car seat and, in my opinion, one of the best booster car seats currently available in the United States for children above the age of 4. Ā It’s likely to be the last seat your child needs before s/he is ready for a regular adult seat belt. You canĀ buy the Britax Parkway SGL G1.1 in a range of colors here. Canadians can buy it here.

If you find my information on best practices in car and car seat safety helpful, you can do your shopping through this Amazon link. Canadians can shop here for Canadian purchases. Have a question or want to discuss best practices? Join us in the forums!

Britax Pioneer G1.1 Harness-2-Booster Review: Long-Lasting, 3-Across Friendly!

The Britax Pioneer G1.1Ā Ā is one of the best options for front-facing and boostering currently on the market. This was the case in 2014 when I initially reviewed this seat, and having used the latest version of the seat, I can confirm that it continues to be one of the best options for combination seats on the market today. Even though it’s not as feature-filled in terms of height limits, weight limits, or side impact protection as its siblings the FrontierĀ and Pinnacle, the Pioneer is still well worthy of consideration for parents interested in a safe and effective front-facing and booster seat for their children. Let’s take a closer look at it together.

2018 update: Britax updated the Pioneer 70Ā and renamed it the PioneerĀ G.1.1. The height and weight limits (as well as the dimensions and weight) of the seat remain the same. It’s still one of the two best combination seats on the market, as well as one of the better booster seats on the market.

BritaxĀ Pioneer G1.1 – What’s the big deal?

The BritaxĀ Pioneer G1.1Ā continues a tradition of versatile, highĀ weight and height car seats that makes this one of the most impressive combination seats on the market. It’s a combination car seat, which means it can be used in two configurations: as a forward-facing seat and as a booster. Released by Britax as a lower-cost alternative to its high weight siblings the Frontier and Pinnacle, the Pioneer is a combination car seat that should be on every parent’s shopping list.

Britax Pioneer G1.1 Limits for Weight and Height

Forward-facing: 25-70 pounds, and between 30 and 56″ in height. Ā The seated shoulder height of the child can range between 12.5″ and 19.5.” Your child should be at least 2-years-old and weigh at least 25 pounds.

Of course,Ā researchĀ into car safety indicates children should remain rear-facing for as long as possible (the average is 4 years in Sweden, which posts the lowest child fatality rate on Earth), and after rear-facing, the child should forward-face until they’re mature enough to use boosters (at which point, both are equally safe). Also note that using a harness is required when using the seat in harnessed mode if the child weighs more than 65 pounds, although Britax recommends it in every installation.

Booster mode: 40-110 pounds, and between 45″ and 60″ in height. The seated shoulder height of the child can range between 15″ and 22″.” Remember that children should remain in booster seats until their seat belts fit them over the shoulder, across the chest, and flat on the upper thighs.

Buy the Britax Pioneer G1.1 on Sale with Free Shipping at Amazon here.

Dimensions of the BritaxĀ Pioneer G1.1

The seat is 19″ wide at its widest point, which is at the shoulders. The seat weighs 21 pounds. Inside, it is around 15.5″ wide at the widest upper portion at the shoulders and 12″ wide in the seat area. The harness slot heights range from 12.5″ to 19.5″ in 8 steps one inch apart.

Using the BritaxĀ Pioneer G1.1

TheĀ seat arrives in a box that’s designed very well; you don’t have to struggle to get the seat out of the box, which is nice when you consider that it has a decent amount of weight behind it. The seat essentially just slides out, which is where the fun begins.

The Pioneer is a rather straightforward seat to install, and I do like that the seat belt path is quite open, which helps with avoiding frustration and scraped knuckles. The LATCH installation is also rather simple, and I like the way the LATCH connectors can be stored out of the way when not in use.

The seat itself shares a lot in common with other Britax seats, including in its appearance. It’s a heavy seat and looks solid. The no-rethread harnesses are easy enough to adjust, which I like, and the harness release lever is significantly easier to access on the Pioneer than it is on the Frontier 90. Unfortunately, covers between the two seats are not interchangeable, so you won’t save money buying one of each in that respect. The seat is also padded nicely and has a design that keeps kids’ heads from slumping. The covers also go on and come off easily.

Why Buy the BritaxĀ Pioneer G1.1?

This is the meat and potatoes of this car seat. The Pioneer is one of the best combination seats in the car seat industry in the United States with its high top harness height setting of 19.5.” It’s not the best, but it’s very close.

Most children outgrow their combination seats by height long before they do by weight simply because most combination seats only offer top harness heights, or upper shoulder heights for children, of 18″ to 19.” Remember that when forward-facing, with very few exceptions, a child can no longer use a seat once his or her shoulders are level with the top harness.

Since the Pioneer has a higher harness limit, children can stay harnessed longer, which is a good thing once you’re done rear-facing. Each transition in child seats signifies a decrease in safety (e.g., rear-facing is safer than forward-facing, which is safer than a booster position, which is safer than simply using a seat belt); the longer you can keep a child forward-facing in a harness, the better. This is why I’d consider the Pioneer.

Buy the Britax Pioneer G1.1 on Sale with Free Shipping at Amazon here.

Besides that fact, the Pioneer also includes a steel frame to keep the seat from flexing forward as much in the event of a crash. It also features EPS foam around the child’s head and body to increase levels of side impact protection and reduce stress and strain on the body during collisions. All of these are good things.

Finally, theĀ Pioneer is also simply an easier seat to install than most, due to its narrow width of 19Ā inches. That means it’s actually possible to install 3 across in a number of midsized vehicles. I also like the fact that it has a 9-year usable life (remember, car seatsĀ doĀ expire eventually), which is Ā great, although thereĀ areĀ seats with longer lifespans (e.g., the newest Dionos). I Ā also like that it’s made locally in the US.

The Pioneer is an excellent car seat and, in my opinion, one of the three best combination car seats currently available in the United States for children above the age of 4. Ā The only combination seats I believe do a better job are the Frontier and Pinnacle. However, it’s possible that it might be the last seat your child needs before s/he is ready for a regular adult seat belt. You canĀ buy the Britax Pioneer G1.1 in a range of colors here. Canadians can buy it here.

If you find my information on best practices in car and car seat safety helpful, you can do your shopping through this Amazon link. Canadians can shop here for Canadian purchases. Have a question or want to discuss best practices? Join us in the forums!

 

Rear-Facing vs. Forward Facing Car Seats: What Happens in a Crash?

clickconnect40-3The mom on the left is doing something every mom should do: rear-facing for as long as possible (in this case, in her Graco Click Connect 40)! I’ve written before about reasons to rear-face long past age 2 (ideally to age 4 or more), despite the legal requirement in the US currently being until 1 and the AAP recommended age being barely better at until 2. I’ve also written before about the concept of the orphan seat, where safely-restrained rear-facing children are often the only survivors of severe collisions, leading to the term. However, this is a topic I’m always happy to discuss more, and here is a visual animated depiction of how forces are distributed differently across a child’s body depending on whether she is rear- or forward-facing.

The video shows the significant forces exerted on the shoulder, neck, and head, and how they’re spread over greater areas of the body when rear-facing. There’s a 90% reduction in the risk of serious injuries and death when RF compared to when FF, per the video.

ThereĀ is no greater killer of children than motor vehicle crashes. Best practices means protecting them the safest way possible, for as long as possible. Even though the US is behind in best practices, when you know better, you do better. And if you read this blog, you know better. Do better. Rear-face as long as possible with seats that make it possible.

ā€”

If you find the information on car safety, recommended car seats, and car seat reviews on this car seat blog helpful, you can shop through this Amazon link for any purchases, car seat-related or not. Canadians can shop through this link for Canadian purchases.